![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() This chapter deals with earthquake-induced liquefaction and its modeling, from the element volume scale to the small-scale physical models. The effects on existing buildings or structures may range from settlement and tilting up to catastrophic failures. If the tendency to dissipate excess pore pressure is overcome by the tendency to accumulate pore pressure, the contact pressure between grains may cyclically reset, zeroing shear strength and stiffness, and the soil starts to behave like a viscous fluid. As Δu rises, hydraulic gradients establish within a deposit, triggering fluid flow from higher toward lower hydraulic load. The tendency to contract produced by cyclic and dynamic shear strain, as those induced by an earthquake, turns into accumulation of excess pore Δu. Cyclic liquefaction is a sudden phenomenon of loss of shear strength and stiffness, which may occur when a granular and non-plastic soil, whose voids are saturated by an incompressible fluid, is vibrated at a frequency too high for the soil to comply with its tendency to contract discharging pore water. ![]()
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